MCP 2.0 移除握手與工作階段，改採逐請求協定

MCP versions are dates. 2024-11-05, 2025-03-26, 2025-06-18, 2025-11-25, and now 2026-07-28. From the outside they all look like the same kind of event.

The last one isn't. The working group called the release candidate "the largest revision of the protocol since launch," which usually means a long changelog. Here it means the connection model is gone. No initialize. No session id. No held-open stream. If you'd asked me a year ago to describe MCP in one sentence, that sentence would be wrong now.

Nothing you have deployed today stops working, which is exactly why it's easy to skim past.

The handshake era

Every MCP revision up to and including 2025-11-25 opened the same way. The client sends initialize with its protocol version, its capabilities and its clientInfo. The server answers with the version it picked, its own capabilities and its serverInfo. The client sends notifications/initialized. Only then is the connection allowed to carry anything useful.

That exchange establishes a session, and everything after it is defined relative to that session. Over Streamable HTTP the server could mint an Mcp-Session-Id, which the client then echoed on every request; DELETE ended it, Last-Event-ID resumed a dropped SSE stream.

The design makes complete sense if you remember where MCP started. In November 2024 it was a thing you ran as a subprocess of your editor over stdio. One client, one server, one pipe, and the pipe's lifetime is the session. Negotiating capabilities once at the start costs nothing when there is exactly one of everything.

Streamable HTTP arrived in 2025-03-26 and carried that model onto the network, where "the connection has a memory" stops being free.

Interactive version on the original post.

So you pick one: sticky routing, or a shared session store. Same problem, different bill. Every deploy drops live sessions. A crashed replica takes conversations with it. And since the session id tells a gateway nothing about what the request wants, the gateway has to open the JSON body to find out whether it's metering a tools/list or a database drop.

Four revisions of adding things to a connection, then one that removed the connection.

What 2026-07-28 actually does

The handshake is gone. No initialize, no initialized, no Mcp-Session-Id. Everything that used to be negotiated once now travels on every request, in _meta. The same tool call, before and after:

Before: 2 round trips

POST /mcp HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/json
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize",
 "params":{"protocolVersion":"2025-11-25","capabilities":{},
           "clientInfo":{"name":"my-app","version":"1.0"}}}

POST /mcp HTTP/1.1
Mcp-Session-Id: 1868a90c-3a3f-4f5b
Content-Type: application/json
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/call",
 "params":{"name":"search","arguments":{"q":"otters"}}}

After: 1 request

POST /mcp HTTP/1.1
MCP-Protocol-Version: 2026-07-28
Mcp-Method: tools/call
Mcp-Name: search
Content-Type: application/json
{"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"tools/call",
 "params":{"name":"search","arguments":{"q":"otters"},
           "_meta":{"io.modelcontextprotocol/clientInfo":{"name":"my-app","version":"1.0"}}}}

The second one is cold. That client has never spoken to this server, nothing was set up first, and nothing is kept afterward. The three new headers are there so a gateway can route and meter it without opening the body.

Version negotiation stopped being a phase and became a field. The server accepts or rejects each request on its own, and if it can't speak the version it answers UnsupportedProtocolVersionError listing the versions it can, so the client retries. There's a server/discover method that returns supported versions and capabilities in one call, which servers MUST implement and clients don't have to call. Discovery is a convenience now, not a precondition.

Server-to-client calls stopped needing an open pipe. That was the load-bearing dependency on sessions. A tool that needs to ask the user something used to do it over a stream held open for the length of the call, which pins the call to one process.

Interactive version on the original post.

Under SEP-2322 the server returns an InputRequiredResult and hangs up. The client answers later with inputResponses and the requestState it was handed, and any instance can take it from there. SEP-2260 tightens things further: a server may only start a request while it's actively processing one from the client. Between them they replace elicitation/create and sampling/createMessage.

State moved into the open. The spec is blunt about where it went:

Servers that need to carry state across calls can do what HTTP APIs have always done: mint an explicit handle (a basket_id, a browser_id) from a tool and have the model pass it back as an ordinary argument on later calls.

The spec's own phrasing is that this "makes the state visible to the model rather than hidden away." A session was state the model never saw and could not recover once it was gone.

Infrastructure can read the traffic without parsing it.

A server rejects any request where the headers and the body disagree, which is what makes the headers safe to trust for anything that never looks inside.

Why this is 2.0 and not 1.4

The protocol changes are the part you notice. The governance changes are the part that decides whether any of it survives the next revision, and there are three.

Extensions became first class. They get reverse-DNS identifiers, negotiate through an extensions map, version independently of the spec, and live in their own ext-* repositories with their own maintainers. Tasks graduated out of the core and into io.modelcontextprotocol/tasks. MCP Apps, which is server-rendered HTML in a sandboxed iframe talking back over the same JSON-RPC, ships as one too. The core stays small and the interesting parts move at their own speed.

Features now have a lifecycle: Active, Deprecated, Removed, with a documented migration path and twelve months minimum before anything deprecated is eligible for removal. Three features entered it immediately.

All three still work. That's the point of writing the policy down.

Conformance became a gate. A Standards Track SEP can't reach Final until matching scenarios land in the conformance suite, and official SDKs are scored against that suite under a tier system. All four Tier 1 SDKs (TypeScript, Python, Go, C#) shipped 2026-07-28 support the day the spec did, with Rust in beta.

The remaining breaking changes are small but worth knowing. Tool schemas moved to full JSON Schema 2020-12, so oneOf, $ref and conditionals are legal now, and the spec says out loud that you must not auto-dereference external $ref URIs. structuredContent takes any JSON value instead of only objects. The missing-resource error went from MCP's custom -32002 to the standard -32602, which breaks anyone matching on that literal. Every 2025-11-25 Tasks implementation needs migrating.

We had already bet on this

I spent sixteen months building Appwrite's MCP server, and most of that time went to authorization. When I got to the transport, the hosted server went out with one flag set:

StreamableHTTPSessionManager(app=server, json_response=False, stateless=True)

No sessions. Every request carries a bearer token; verify it, build a client from it, serve the call, forget everything. I'd love to claim foresight here. The real reason is duller: OAuth had already made session state pointless, because the token identifies the user on every request, and I didn't want to run a Redis to hold something I had no use for.

The spec shipped on July 28. We merged 2026-07-28 support on July 29, in PR #89, by moving from MCP Python SDK v1.28 to v2.0.0. The HTTP and OAuth surface didn't move at all. What made it a day rather than a quarter is that v2's session manager routes on the protocol version header, so one deployment serves both eras:

def _is_modern_request(scope: Scope) -> bool:
    """Match the SDK's era-routing predicate: a present ``MCP-Protocol-Version``
    that is not a handshake-era revision goes to the modern path."""
    version = _header(scope, b"mcp-protocol-version")
    return version is not None and version not in HANDSHAKE_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS

Handshake versions, 2024-11-05 through 2025-11-25, take the legacy path. Anything else takes the per-request one. Nobody's client broke.

Three things did cost real work:

• Tool errors. v1 wrapped a raised exception into CallToolResult(isError=true). v2 turns an uncaught exception into a sanitized -32603, so the model never learns why the call failed. Our confirm_write refusals are only worth anything if the model can read them, so every handler now returns is_error=True explicitly.
• CORS. Mcp-Method and Mcp-Name ride on every modern request. If your allow-list doesn't name them, browser-based clients fail before they ever reach your auth code.
• Metrics. Modern clients never send initialize, so our handshake counter would have quietly flatlined exactly as clients migrated, which is the worst possible time to lose a graph. It's keyed off activity windows now, so the timeseries stays comparable through the transition.

None of that is protocol work. It's the ordinary cost of a dependency changing shape under you, and it only took a day because a decision made eighteen months earlier, for completely unrelated reasons, happened to line up.

The good kind of boring

A 2026-07-28 MCP server takes an HTTP request, reads some headers, and returns a response. That's the whole shape of it. You can put it behind a CDN, cache its list endpoints, and restart it in the middle of someone's conversation without telling anyone.

It's a less interesting protocol than the one that launched in 2024. I think that's the point. The bidirectional stateful version was more fun to read about and considerably worse to operate, and operating it is what most of us actually do.

Reference

The spec

• The release candidate announcement and the release itself
• 2026-07-28, versioning and negotiation, and server/discover
• The feature lifecycle policy and the deprecated features registry
• The 2025-11-25 changelog, for what the last handshake-era revision was still adding

The code

• appwrite/mcp, and PR #89 — the dual-era migration
• The hosted server is at https://mcp.appwrite.io/, or claude mcp add --transport http appwrite https://mcp.appwrite.io/

Originally published on chiragaggarwal.tech.